As with the Scala and Java examples, we use a SparkSession to create Datasets. For applications that use custom classes or third-party libraries, we can also add code dependencies to spark-submit through its --py-files argument by packaging them into a .zip file (see spark-submit --help for details).Using PySpark Native Features ¶. PySpark allows to upload Python files ( .py ), zipped Python packages ( .zip ), and Egg files ( .egg ) to the executors by one of the following: Setting the configuration setting spark.submit.pyFiles. Setting --py-files option in Spark scripts. Directly calling pyspark.SparkContext.addPyFile () in applications.May 12, 2020 · Spark on Kubernetes doesn't support submitting locally stored files with spark-submit. Submit Spark workload by submitting Spark batch applications by using the cluster management console, RESTful APIs, or the CLI. A Spark batch application is launched by only the spark-submit command from the following ways: cluster management console (immediately or by scheduling the submission). ascd Spark application RESTful APIs.command options. You specify spark-submit options using the form --option value instead of --option=value . (Use a space instead of an equals sign.) Option. Description. class. For Java and Scala applications, the fully qualified classname of the class containing the main method of the application. For example, org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi.For Python, you can use the --py-files argument of spark-submit to add .py, .zip or .egg files to be distributed with your application. If you depend on multiple Python files we recommend packaging them into a .zip or .egg. Launching Applications with spark-submit. Once a user application is bundled, it can be launched using the bin/spark ...The Spark shell and spark-submit tool support two ways to load configurations dynamically. The first is command line options, such as --master, as shown above. spark-submit can accept any Spark property using the --conf/-c flag, but uses special flags for properties that play a part in launching the Spark application. 0. spark-submit is a utility to submit your spark program (or job) to Spark clusters. If you open the spark-submit utility, it eventually calls a Scala program. org.apache.spark.deploy.SparkSubmit. On the other hand, pyspark or spark-shell is REPL ( read–eval–print loop) utility which allows the developer to run/execute their spark code as ...Dec 18, 2020 · With Spark 3.4, spark.files, spark.jars, and spark.pyfiles all are placed in the current working directory of Driver & Executor while using K8s resource manager. With 3.5 all these will be available on classpath as well. command options. You specify spark-submit options using the form --option value instead of --option=value . (Use a space instead of an equals sign.) Option. Description. class. For Java and Scala applications, the fully qualified classname of the class containing the main method of the application. For example, org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi.Jul 24, 2022 · Note that files passed through --files and --archives are available for Spark executors only. This behavior is consistent with spark-submit. If you need the files to be accessible by Spark driver, consider using an init action to put the files somewhere in the local filesystem explictly. Apr 21, 2017 · It turned out that since I'm submitting my application in client mode, then the machine I run the spark-submit command from will run the driver program and will need to access the module files. I added my module to the PYTHONPATH environment variable on the node I'm submitting my job from by adding the following line to my .bashrc file (or ... The most basic steps to configure the key stores and the trust store for a Spark Standalone deployment mode is as follows: Generate a key pair for each node. Export the public key of the key pair to a file on each node. Import all exported public keys into a single trust store.Sep 22, 2020 · I am figuring out how to submit pyspark job developed using pycharm ide . there are 4 python files and 1 python file is main python file which is submitted with pyspark job but rest other 3 files are imported in main python file , but I am not able to understand if my python files all are available in s3 bukcet , how spark job would be able to r... The Spark shell and spark-submit tool support two ways to load configurations dynamically. The first is command line options, such as --master, as shown above. spark-submit can accept any Spark property using the --conf/-c flag, but uses special flags for properties that play a part in launching the Spark application.Mar 1, 2019 · I have a Java-spark code that reads certain properties files. These properties are being passed with spark-submit like: spark-submit --master yarn \\ --deploy-mode cluster \\ --files /home/aiman/ 0. spark-submit is a utility to submit your spark program (or job) to Spark clusters. If you open the spark-submit utility, it eventually calls a Scala program. org.apache.spark.deploy.SparkSubmit. On the other hand, pyspark or spark-shell is REPL ( read–eval–print loop) utility which allows the developer to run/execute their spark code as ...To download the log files for an application, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --download-app-logs option. Display the contents of a single log file: To display the contents of a single cluster log file, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --display-cluster-log option.Apr 7, 2016 · 21. First you need to pass your files through --py-files or --files. When you pass your zip/files with the above flags, basically your resources will be transferred to temporary directory created on HDFS just for the lifetime of that application. Now in your code, add those zip/files by using the following command. Oct 1, 2020 · I have four python files , out of four files 1 file has spark entry code defined and that file drives and calls rest other python files . for now I have provided four python files with --py-files option in spark submit command , but instead of submitting this way I want to create zip file and pack these all four python files and submit with ... The Spark shell and spark-submit tool support two ways to load configurations dynamically. The first are command line options, such as --master, as shown above. spark-submit can accept any Spark property using the --conf flag, but uses special flags for properties that play a part in launching the Spark application. Sep 7, 2016 · I want to load a property config file when submit a spark job, so I can load the proper config due to different environment, such as a test environment or a product environment. But I don't know where to put the properties file, here is the code loading the properties file: Imagine how to configure the network communication between your machine and Spark Pods in Kubernetes: in order to pull your local jars Spark Pod should be able to access you machine (probably you need to run web-server locally and expose its endpoints), and vice-versa in order to push jar from you machine to the Spark Pod your spark-submit ...Apr 21, 2017 · It turned out that since I'm submitting my application in client mode, then the machine I run the spark-submit command from will run the driver program and will need to access the module files. I added my module to the PYTHONPATH environment variable on the node I'm submitting my job from by adding the following line to my .bashrc file (or ... Apr 19, 2023 · Python manager for spark-submit jobs. Spark-submit. TL;DR: Python manager for spark-submit jobs Description. This package allows for submission and management of Spark jobs in Python scripts via Apache Spark's spark-submit functionality. So, I am trying to redirect the output of an apache spark-submit command to text file but some output fails to populate file. Here is the command I am using: spark-submit something.py > results.txt I can see the output in the terminal but I do not see it in the file. What am I forgetting or doing wrong here? Edit: If I usefile: Driver will transfer these files to Executor through HTTP, if in cluster deploy mode, Spark will first upload these file to cluster Driver. hdfs:, http:, https:, ftp: Driver and Executors will download specified files from correspond fs. local: The file is expected to exist as a local file on each worker node. referenceApr 21, 2017 · It turned out that since I'm submitting my application in client mode, then the machine I run the spark-submit command from will run the driver program and will need to access the module files. I added my module to the PYTHONPATH environment variable on the node I'm submitting my job from by adding the following line to my .bashrc file (or ... When I spark-submit the pyspark code on the master node, the job gets completed successfully and the output is stored in the log files on the S3 bucket. However, when I spark-submit the pyspark code on the S3 bucket using these- (using the below commands on the terminal after SSH-ing to the master node)But when I copy the same to my properties file: spark.class MyClass spark.master spark://my_master spark.files test.config spark.jars build/jars/MyProject.jar, build/jars/Config.jar On trying to use this file with spark-submit, I get an error: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Missing application resourceJul 21, 2020 · For the 5th process I am using a spark-submit command as this process needs to leverage spark because of the size of the data being processed. I am running into issues with JDBC and Kerberos Authnetication with the spark-submit command. The Oracle @Configuration is the same for all of these processes. It works fine and authenticates fine with a ... Jun 29, 2015 · I want to store the Spark arguments such as input file, output file into a Java property files and pass that file into Spark Driver. I'm using spark-submit for submitting the job but couldn't find a parameter to pass the properties file. To do so, specify the spark properties spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateFile and spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateFile to point to local files accessible to the spark-submit process. To allow the driver pod access the executor pod template file, the file will be automatically mounted onto a volume in the driver pod when it’s created.3 Answers. No, spark-submit --files option doesn't support sending folder, but you can put all your files in a zip, use that file in --files list. You can use SparkFiles.get (filename) in your spark job to load the file, explode it and use exploded files. 'filename' doesn't need to be absolute path, just filename does it.For Python, you can use the --py-files argument of spark-submit to add .py, .zip or .egg files to be distributed with your application. If you depend on multiple Python files we recommend packaging them into a .zip or .egg. Launching Applications with spark-submit. Once a user application is bundled, it can be launched using the bin/spark ...Aug 16, 2020 · java.io.FileNotFoundException for a file sent in Spark-submit --files. 1. How to pass arguments to spark-submit using docker. 0. Running Scala Jar with Spark-Submit. 4. But configuration file is imported in some other python file that is not entry point for spark application . I want to write spark submit command in pyspark , but I am not sure how to provide multiple files along configuration file with spark submit command when configuration file is not python file but text file or ini file.The second precedence goes to spark-submit options. Finally, properties specified in spark-defaults.conf file. When you are setting jars in different places, remember the precedence it takes. Use spark-submit with --verbose option to get more details about what jars Spark has used. 2.1 Add jars to the classpath using –jar OptionApr 19, 2023 · Python manager for spark-submit jobs. Spark-submit. TL;DR: Python manager for spark-submit jobs Description. This package allows for submission and management of Spark jobs in Python scripts via Apache Spark's spark-submit functionality. for me, run spark on yarn,just add --files log4j.properties makes everything ok. 1. make sure the directory where you run spark-submit contains file "log4j.properties". 2. run spark-submit ... --files log4j.properties. let's see why this work. 1.spark-submit will upload log4j.properties to hdfs like thisI have an AWS CLI cluster creation command that I am trying to modify so that it enables my driver and executor to work with a customized log4j.properties file. With Spark stand-alone clusters I have successfully used the approach of using the --files <log4j.file> switch together with setting -Dlog4j.configuration=<log4j.file> specified via ...As suspected, the two options ( sc.addFile and --files) are not equivalent, and this is (admittedly very subtly) hinted at the documentation (emphasis added): addFile (path, recursive=False) Add a file to be downloaded with this Spark job on every node. --files FILES. Comma-separated list of files to be placed in the working directory of each ...Mar 16, 2017 · spark-submit --class Eventhub --master yarn --deploy-mode cluster --executor-memory 1024m --executor-cores 4 --files app.conf spark-hdfs-assembly-1.0.jar --conf "app.conf" I was looking a way to put all these flags in file to pass to spark-submit to make my spark-submit command simple liek this Spark Python Application – Example. Apache Spark provides APIs for many popular programming languages. Python is on of them. One can write a python script for Apache Spark and run it using spark-submit command line interface.Referencing here and here, I expect that I should be able to change the name by which a file is referenced in Spark by using an octothorpe - that is, if I call spark-submit --files local-file-name.json#spark-file-name.json, I should then be able to reference the file as spark-file-name.json. However, this doesn't appear to be the case:Jul 26, 2021 · In Short : · Using spark-submit, the user submits an application. · In spark-submit, we invoke the main () method that the user specifies. It also launches the driver program. · The driver ... The spark-submit compatible command in Data Flow , is the rub-submit command. If you already have a working Spark application in any cluster, you are familiar with the spark-submit syntax. For example: spark-submit --master spark://<IP-address>:port \ --deploy-mode cluster \ --conf spark.sql.crossJoin.enabled=true \ --files oci://file1.json ...Spark submit command ( spark-submit ) can be used to run your Spark applications in a target environment (standalone, YARN, Kubernetes, Mesos). There are three commonly used arguments: --num-executors --executor-cores --executor-memory . This argument only works on YARN and ...You can pass the arguments from the spark-submit command and then access them in your code in the following way, sys.argv[1] will get you the first argument, sys.argv[2] the second argument and so on.In case if you wanted to run a PySpark application using spark-submit from a shell, use the below example. Specify the .py file you wanted to run and you can also specify the .py, .egg, .zip file to spark submit command using --py-files option for any dependencies. ./bin/spark-submit \ --master yarn \ --deploy-mode cluster \ wordByExample.py. Imagine how to configure the network communication between your machine and Spark Pods in Kubernetes: in order to pull your local jars Spark Pod should be able to access you machine (probably you need to run web-server locally and expose its endpoints), and vice-versa in order to push jar from you machine to the Spark Pod your spark-submit ...With the --files option you put the file in your working directory on the executor. You are trying to point to the file using an absolute path which is not what files option does for you. Can you use just the name "rule2.xml" and not a path. When you read the documentation for the files. See the important note at the bottom of the page running ...To download the log files for an application, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --download-app-logs option. Display the contents of a single log file: To display the contents of a single cluster log file, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --display-cluster-log option.The spark-submit compatible command in Data Flow , is the rub-submit command. If you already have a working Spark application in any cluster, you are familiar with the spark-submit syntax. For example: spark-submit --master spark://<IP-address>:port \ --deploy-mode cluster \ --conf spark.sql.crossJoin.enabled=true \ --files oci://file1.json ...3 Answers. No, spark-submit --files option doesn't support sending folder, but you can put all your files in a zip, use that file in --files list. You can use SparkFiles.get (filename) in your spark job to load the file, explode it and use exploded files. 'filename' doesn't need to be absolute path, just filename does it.Spark Python Application – Example. Apache Spark provides APIs for many popular programming languages. Python is on of them. One can write a python script for Apache Spark and run it using spark-submit command line interface.For Python, you can use the --py-files argument of spark-submit to add .py, .zip or .egg files to be distributed with your application. If you depend on multiple Python files we recommend packaging them into a .zip or .egg. Launching Applications with spark-submit. Once a user application is bundled, it can be launched using the bin/spark ... Apr 12, 2021 · I have an AWS CLI cluster creation command that I am trying to modify so that it enables my driver and executor to work with a customized log4j.properties file. With Spark stand-alone clusters I have successfully used the approach of using the --files <log4j.file> switch together with setting -Dlog4j.configuration=<log4j.file> specified via ... With the --files option you put the file in your working directory on the executor. You are trying to point to the file using an absolute path which is not what files option does for you. Can you use just the name "rule2.xml" and not a path. When you read the documentation for the files. See the important note at the bottom of the page running ...When I spark-submit the pyspark code on the master node, the job gets completed successfully and the output is stored in the log files on the S3 bucket. However, when I spark-submit the pyspark code on the S3 bucket using these- (using the below commands on the terminal after SSH-ing to the master node)1 Answer. One way is to have a main driver program for your Spark application as a python file (.py) that gets passed to spark-submit. This primary script has the main method to help the Driver identify the entry point. This file will customize configuration properties as well initialize the SparkContext. The ones bundled in the egg executables ...Using addPyFiles() seems to not be adding desiered files to spark job nodes (new to spark so may be missing some basic usage knowledge here). Attempting to run a script using pyspark and was seeing errors that certain modules are not found for import.Spark-submit can't locate local file. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 10 months ago. Modified 5 years, 10 months ago. Viewed 8k times 2 I've written a very simple python ...May 12, 2020 · Spark on Kubernetes doesn't support submitting locally stored files with spark-submit. 2. When using spark-submit with --master yarn-cluster, the application JAR file along with any JAR file included with the --jars option will be automatically transferred to the cluster. URLs supplied after --jars must be separated by commas. That list is included in the driver and executor classpaths.I want to submit a pyspark task. And some .py files in different folders.Especially I want put configuration files and common tools in only one folder. But when I submit a pyspark task, I just know --py-files param, so how to submit folders? My code struct likes:Spark environment provides a command to execute the application file, be it in Scala or Java(need a Jar format), Python and R programming file. The command is, $ spark-submit --master <url> <SCRIPTNAME>.py. I'm running spark in windows 64bit architecture system with JDK 1.8 version. P.S find a screenshot of my terminal window. Code snippetJul 24, 2022 · Note that files passed through --files and --archives are available for Spark executors only. This behavior is consistent with spark-submit. If you need the files to be accessible by Spark driver, consider using an init action to put the files somewhere in the local filesystem explictly. To do so, specify the spark properties spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateFile and spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateFile to point to local files accessible to the spark-submit process. To allow the driver pod access the executor pod template file, the file will be automatically mounted onto a volume in the driver pod when it’s created.This is a JSON protocol to submit Spark application, to submit Spark application to cluster manager, we should use HTTP POST request to send above JSON protocol to Livy Server: curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d ‘<JSON Protocol>’ <livy-host>:<port>/batches. As you can see most of the arguments are the same, but there still ...1 You could put the file on a network mount that is accessible by all the nodes on the cluster. This way you can just read from that mount in your driver program. You could expose a simple endpoint that returns the file. This way your driver program can make an http call. – Alex Naspo Jan 20, 2016 at 20:39 True enough, @AlexNaspo, but redundant. rdd = sc.textFile ("file:///path/to/file") If your file isn’t already on all nodes in the cluster, you can load it locally on the driver without going through Spark and then call parallelize to distribute the contents to workers. Take care to put file:// in front and the use of "/" or "\" according to OS. Share.command options. You specify spark-submit options using the form --option value instead of --option=value . (Use a space instead of an equals sign.) Option. Description. class. For Java and Scala applications, the fully qualified classname of the class containing the main method of the application. For example, org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi.For Python, you can use the --py-files argument of spark-submit to add .py, .zip or .egg files to be distributed with your application. If you depend on multiple Python files we recommend packaging them into a .zip or .egg. Launching Applications with spark-submit. Once a user application is bundled, it can be launched using the bin/spark ... With the --files option you put the file in your working directory on the executor. You are trying to point to the file using an absolute path which is not what files option does for you. Can you use just the name "rule2.xml" and not a path. When you read the documentation for the files. See the important note at the bottom of the page running ...The spark-submit command is a utility to run or submit a Spark or PySpark application program (or job) to the cluster by specifying options and configurations, the application you are submitting can be written in Scala, Java, or Python (PySpark). spark-submit command supports the following.file: Driver will transfer these files to Executor through HTTP, if in cluster deploy mode, Spark will first upload these file to cluster Driver. hdfs:, http:, https:, ftp: Driver and Executors will download specified files from correspond fs. local: The file is expected to exist as a local file on each worker node. referenceUsing addPyFiles() seems to not be adding desiered files to spark job nodes (new to spark so may be missing some basic usage knowledge here). Attempting to run a script using pyspark and was seeing errors that certain modules are not found for import. The spark-submit script in Spark’s bin directory is used to launch applications on a cluster. It can use all of Spark’s supported cluster managers through a uniform interface so you don’t have to configure your application especially for each one. Bundling Your Application’s Dependencies With the --files option you put the file in your working directory on the executor. You are trying to point to the file using an absolute path which is not what files option does for you. Can you use just the name "rule2.xml" and not a path. When you read the documentation for the files. See the important note at the bottom of the page running ...The spark-submit compatible command in Data Flow , is the rub-submit command. If you already have a working Spark application in any cluster, you are familiar with the spark-submit syntax. For example: spark-submit --master spark://<IP-address>:port \ --deploy-mode cluster \ --conf spark.sql.crossJoin.enabled=true \ --files oci://file1.json ... One straightforward method is to use script options such as --py-files or the spark.submit.pyFiles configuration, but this functionality cannot cover many cases, such as installing wheel files or when the Python libraries are dependent on C and C++ libraries such as pyarrow and NumPy. This blog post introduces how to control Python dependencies ...Jul 21, 2018 · But when I copy the same to my properties file: spark.class MyClass spark.master spark://my_master spark.files test.config spark.jars build/jars/MyProject.jar, build/jars/Config.jar On trying to use this file with spark-submit, I get an error: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Missing application resource command options. You specify spark-submit options using the form --option value instead of --option=value . (Use a space instead of an equals sign.) Option. Description. class. For Java and Scala applications, the fully qualified classname of the class containing the main method of the application. For example, org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi.But configuration file is imported in some other python file that is not entry point for spark application . I want to write spark submit command in pyspark , but I am not sure how to provide multiple files along configuration file with spark submit command when configuration file is not python file but text file or ini file.I have a CSV file "test.csv" that I'm trying to have copied to all nodes on the cluster. I have a 4 node apache-spark 1.5.2 standalone cluster.For Python, you can use the --py-files argument of spark-submit to add .py, .zip or .egg files to be distributed with your application. If you depend on multiple Python files we recommend packaging them into a .zip or .egg. Launching Applications with spark-submit. Once a user application is bundled, it can be launched using the bin/spark ... I want to submit a pyspark task. And some .py files in different folders.Especially I want put configuration files and common tools in only one folder. But when I submit a pyspark task, I just know --py-files param, so how to submit folders? My code struct likes:--py-files PY_FILES Comma-separated list of .zip, .egg, or .py files to place on the PYTHONPATH for Python apps. So your command will look as follow spark-submit --master local --driver-memory 2g --executor-memory 2g --py-files s3_path\file2.py,s3_path\file3.py,s3_path\file4.py s3_path\file1.py
I have a CSV file "test.csv" that I'm trying to have copied to all nodes on the cluster. I have a 4 node apache-spark 1.5.2 standalone cluster.. Full size bed frame with headboard under dollar100
The easiest way to set some config: spark.conf.set ("spark.sql.shuffle.partitions", 500). Where spark refers to a SparkSession, that way you can set configs at runtime. It's really useful when you want to change configs again and again to tune some spark parameters for specific queries. Share.Jul 24, 2022 · Note that files passed through --files and --archives are available for Spark executors only. This behavior is consistent with spark-submit. If you need the files to be accessible by Spark driver, consider using an init action to put the files somewhere in the local filesystem explictly. 7 Answers. Yes, you can access files uploaded via the --files argument. ./bin/spark-submit \ --class com.MyClass \ --master yarn-cluster \ --files /path/to/some/file.ext \ --jars lib/datanucleus-api-jdo-3.2.6.jar,lib/datanucleus-rdbms-3.2.9.jar,lib/datanucleus-core-3.2.10.jar \ /path/to/app.jar file.ext.I have an AWS CLI cluster creation command that I am trying to modify so that it enables my driver and executor to work with a customized log4j.properties file. With Spark stand-alone clusters I have successfully used the approach of using the --files <log4j.file> switch together with setting -Dlog4j.configuration=<log4j.file> specified via ...To make files on the client available to SparkContext.addJar, include them with the --jars option in the launch command. $ ./bin/spark-submit --class my.main.Class \ --master yarn \ --deploy-mode cluster \ --jars my-other-jar.jar,my-other-other-jar.jar \ my-main-jar.jar \ app_arg1 app_arg2.spark-submit --master yarn --jars <comma-separated-jars> --conf <spark-properties> --name <job_name> <python_file> <argument 1> <argument 2> eg: spark-submit --master yarn --jars example.jar --conf spark.executor.instances=10 --name example_job example.py arg1 arg2 For mnistOnSpark.py you should pass arguments as mentioned in the command above ...This mode is preferred for Production Run of a Spark Applications or Jobs. Client mode - In client mode, the driver run will run in the local machine (your laptop\desktop terminal). This mode is used for Testing , Debugging or To Test Issue Fixes of a Spark Application or job. However although the the driver runs locally but all the executors ... To download the log files for an application, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --download-app-logs option. Display the contents of a single log file: To display the contents of a single cluster log file, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --display-cluster-log option.Jun 23, 2020 · Pass system property to spark-submit and read file from classpath or custom path. 2 adding external property file to classpath in spark. 0 ... I want to submit a pyspark task. And some .py files in different folders.Especially I want put configuration files and common tools in only one folder. But when I submit a pyspark task, I just know --py-files param, so how to submit folders? My code struct likes:I want to store the Spark arguments such as input file, output file into a Java property files and pass that file into Spark Driver. I'm using spark-submit for submitting the job but couldn't find a parameter to pass the properties file.command options. You specify spark-submit options using the form --option value instead of --option=value . (Use a space instead of an equals sign.) Option. Description. class. For Java and Scala applications, the fully qualified classname of the class containing the main method of the application. For example, org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi.To download the log files for an application, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --download-app-logs option. Display the contents of a single log file: To display the contents of a single cluster log file, issue the spark-submit.sh command with the --display-cluster-log option.May 5, 2016 · I have a CSV file "test.csv" that I'm trying to have copied to all nodes on the cluster. I have a 4 node apache-spark 1.5.2 standalone cluster. There are 4 workers where one node also acts has mas... spark-submit --master yarn --jars <comma-separated-jars> --conf <spark-properties> --name <job_name> <python_file> <argument 1> <argument 2> eg: spark-submit --master yarn --jars example.jar --conf spark.executor.instances=10 --name example_job example.py arg1 arg2 For mnistOnSpark.py you should pass arguments as mentioned in the command above ....